Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has become a popular form of intervention. However, the existing reviews report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE To clarify these inconsistencies in the literature, we conducted a comprehensive effect-size analysis to evaluate the efficacy of MBT. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of studies published in journals or in dissertations in PubMED or PsycINFO from the first available date until May 10, 2013. REVIEW METHODS A total of 209 studies (n=12,145) were included. RESULTS Effect-size estimates suggested that MBT is moderately effective in pre-post comparisons (n=72; Hedge's g=.55), in comparisons with waitlist controls (n=67; Hedge's g=.53), and when compared with other active treatments (n=68; Hedge's g=.33), including other psychological treatments (n=35; Hedge's g=.22). MBT did not differ from traditional CBT or behavioral therapies (n=9; Hedge's g=-.07) or pharmacological treatments (n=3; Hedge's g=.13). CONCLUSION MBT is an effective treatment for a variety of psychological problems, and is especially effective for reducing anxiety, depression, and stress.